Background
Cluster of Differentiation 3 (CD3) is a multimeric protein complex and T cell co-receptor that plays an essential role in adaptive immune responses. This complex is composed of four distinct polypeptide chains: epsilon (ε), gamma (γ), delta (δ), and zeta (ζ), which assemble as three pairs of dimers (εγ, εδ, ζζ). These CD3 molecules bind non-covalently to the T-cell receptor (TCR) to form the TCR/CD3 receptor complex on the surface of T cells.
CD3 proteins interactions with T cells
The CD3 proteins have a transmembrane domain, a cytoplasmic tail, and an N-terminal extracellular region containing immunoglobulin-like domains, classifying them as part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) located in the cytoplasmic tails are essential for signal transduction upon T cell receptor engagement.
The CD3 complex is a defining feature of the T cell lineage and is involved in activating both cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ naive T cells) and T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells). Antibodies against CD3 molecules can either stimulate or block T cell activation signal transduction, offering a potential avenue for developing treatments for organ transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases.
TCR/CD3 signaling pathways. Source: Louis-Dit-Sully C et. al, 2012
Comprehensive Collection of Bioactive CD3 Homodimers, Heterodimers, & Monomers
Through our unique SAMS™ protein engineering and expression platform, KACTUS provides a variety of highly active CD3 proteins, including monomers, dimers, and other forms, to meet the diverse needs of researchers in immunology, antibody preparation, and screening.
Product Applications:
Antibody discovery:
Immunization
Antibody screening
Functional characterization
Affinity determination:
ELISA / SPR / BLI
Product Features:
→ High protein binding affinity
→ Equal expression of subunits in dimers
→ Batch-to-batch stability studies
→ Temperature stability studies
→ Mammalian Expression
→ Various tags, species, & molecules
→ Customizable
Product Validation Data
High Protein Binding Affinity
We verified the activity of our heterodimers, such as CD3E/G-His Tag and CD3E/D-His Tag, via ELISA and SPR.
Equal Expression of Subunits
A proprietary design, expression, and purification system ensures the two subunits of the heterodimers are expressed in equal proportions with greater than 95% purity, verfied by SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC.
Batch Stability
Our CD3 proteins have high batch-to-batch consistency and long-term stability as verified by ELISA.
Temperature Stability
Immobilized Human CD3E/CD3G, hFc Tag, at 1ug/mL (100ul/well). Dose-response curve for anti-CD3E/CD3G antibody (OKT3, mFc Tag). The EC50s are 20.7, 19.5, 20.0 and 20.7ng/ml respectively, as determined by ELISA.
Available Products
Custom CD3 Protein
Our team can modify parameters such as tags, biotinylation, and fluorescent labels, to ensure the product aligns with your precise requirements. This option provides a cost-effective and efficient solution by leveraging our established product base while meeting your unique specifications.
Custom Protein Services
About KACTUS
Quality Systems
SAMS™ Technology Platform
CD3 Proteins FAQs
CD3 proteins are critical components of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex, playing a central role in T cell activation and signal transduction. These multimeric proteins are essential for studying immune responses, developing therapeutic antibodies, and supporting CAR-T or bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) therapy.
KACTUS offers a broad range of CD3 proteins including monomers, homodimers (ζζ), and heterodimers (e.g., CD3E/D, CD3E/G) across human, mouse, and cynomolgus monkey species. These proteins are expressed in mammalian cells to ensure native folding and bioactivity.
Yes, our proprietary SAMS™ platform ensures balanced expression of CD3 subunits in heterodimeric forms. This is validated through SDS-PAGE and SEC-HPLC with >95% purity, ensuring consistent and reliable protein functionality.
CD3 proteins are available with a variety of tags, including His, hFc, and Flag, and may include biotinylation or fluorescent tags upon request. This allows compatibility with multiple detection platforms such as ELISA, SPR, and flow cytometry.
We perform ELISA and SPR-based binding assays to confirm bioactivity. For example, dose-response curves are generated using known antibodies like OKT3 to validate both monomeric and heterodimeric CD3 constructs.
Yes, our CD3 proteins undergo batch-to-batch consistency testing and thermal stability studies, ensuring reproducibility in long-term applications and varying assay conditions.
Absolutely. These proteins are commonly used in T cell activation assays, antibody functional screening, and biophysical affinity measurements that support preclinical therapeutic development.
Your selection should depend on the targeted interaction or downstream application. CD3E/D and CD3E/G differ in subunit composition, which may influence their binding affinity to specific TCRs or antibody fragments. Our team can help guide you based on your assay design.
Yes, we provide cross-species CD3 proteins that are ideal for animal model validation or preclinical immunogenicity studies. They are validated for use in similar workflows as the human versions.
Yes, KACTUS supports custom CD3 expression services. You can request tailored constructs with your preferred sequence, tag configuration, expression system, and validation method to support your specific research workflow.
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Waltham, MA 02451
United States
CD3 Proteins Product Catalog | CD3 Proteins for TCR Research & Antibody Screening | KACTUS